📚 2. Django ORM을 활용하여 Model 생성하기

1️⃣ 프로젝트 초기 세팅

🔸 프로젝트 생성

django-admin startproject account-book .
python manage.py startapp accountbook

2️⃣ 모델 작성 (models.py)

✏️ 처음 작성한 models.py

처음 models.py를 작성할 때, 우리는 다음처럼 만들었어:

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractBaseUser, BaseUserManager, PermissionsMixin
from django.utils import timezone
from .constants import (
    BANK_CODES, ACCOUNT_TYPE, TRANSACTION_TYPE,
    TRANSACTION_METHOD, ANALYSIS_TYPES, ANALYSIS_ABOUT
)

class CustomUserManager(BaseUserManager):
    def create_user(self, email, password=None, **extra_fields):
        if not email:
            raise ValueError('이메일은 필수입니다')
        email = self.normalize_email(email)
        user = self.model(email=email, **extra_fields)
        user.set_password(password)
        user.save(using=self._db)
        return user

    def create_superuser(self, email, password=None, **extra_fields):
        extra_fields.setdefault('is_staff', True)
        extra_fields.setdefault('is_admin', True)
        extra_fields.setdefault('is_active', True)
        return self.create_user(email, password, **extra_fields)

class CustomUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
    email = models.EmailField(max_length=255, unique=True)
    nickname = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=True)
    phone_number = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    is_staff = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    last_login = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    date_joined = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)

    objects = CustomUserManager()

    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = []

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'users'

class Account(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(CustomUser, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='accounts')
    account_number = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    bank_code = models.CharField(max_length=3, choices=BANK_CODES, default='000')
    account_type = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ACCOUNT_TYPE, default='CHECKING')
    balance = models.DecimalField(max_digits=15, decimal_places=2, default=0)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'accounts'

class TransactionHistory(models.Model):
    account = models.ForeignKey(Account, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='transactions')
    transaction_amount = models.DecimalField(max_digits=15, decimal_places=2)
    post_transaction_amount = models.DecimalField(max_digits=15, decimal_places=2)
    transaction_details = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    transaction_type = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=TRANSACTION_TYPE)
    transaction_method = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=TRANSACTION_METHOD)
    transaction_timestamp = models.DateTimeField()

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'transaction_history'

class Analysis(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(CustomUser, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='analyses')
    analysis_target = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ANALYSIS_ABOUT)
    analysis_period = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ANALYSIS_TYPES)
    start_date = models.DateField()
    end_date = models.DateField()
    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
    result_image = models.ImageField(upload_to='analysis_results/', blank=True, null=True)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'analysis'

class Notification(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(CustomUser, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='notifications')
    message = models.TextField()
    is_read = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'notifications'

3️⃣ constants.py 작성

모델에서 사용하기 위해 각종 상수 데이터 (choices) 파일도 만들었어.

BANK_CODES = [
    ("000", "알수없음"),
    ("001", "한국은행"),
    ("002", "산업은행"),
    # ...(생략)...
    ("090", "카카오뱅크"),
    ("092", "토스뱅크"),
]

ACCOUNT_TYPE = [
    ("CHECKING", "입출금"),
    ("SAVING", "적금"),
    ("LOAN", "대출"),
]

TRANSACTION_TYPE = [
    ("DEPOSIT", "입금"),
    ("WITHDRAW", "출금"),
]

TRANSACTION_METHOD = [
    ("ATM", "ATM 거래"),
    ("TRANSFER", "계좌이체"),
    ("CARD", "카드결제"),
]

ANALYSIS_TYPES = [
    ("DAILY", "일간"),
    ("WEEKLY", "주간"),
    ("MONTHLY", "월간"),
]

ANALYSIS_ABOUT = [
    ("TOTAL_SPENDING", "총 지출"),
    ("TOTAL_INCOME", "총 수입"),
]

Media 파일 설정 settings.py

result_image 필드 썼으니까 settings.py에 아래 추가 필요:

MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'

(배포할 때는 AWS S3나 별도 스토리지 쓰면 됨.)

# config/urls.py

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # your urls
]

if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

✅ 지금은

그냥 BASE_DIR / media에 저장해도 돼. (개발이니까)

✅ 배포할 때

AWS S3 같은 외부 스토리지에 저장해야 해.
Django storages 라이브러리 설치하고, S3 설정 연결.

pip install django-storages[boto3]

그리고 settings에 이렇게 S3 세팅:

# settings.py

# S3 설정
DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = 'storages.backends.s3boto3.S3Boto3Storage'

AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = 'your-aws-access-key'
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = 'your-aws-secret-key'
AWS_STORAGE_BUCKET_NAME = 'your-bucket-name'
AWS_QUERYSTRING_AUTH = False  # public access

📝 pyproject.toml 파일 설정 루트폴더

[tool.black]
line-length = 88
target-version = ['py311']  # 너가 쓰는 Python 버전 맞춰 (ex. 3.12이면 py312)
skip-string-normalization = true
include = '\.pyi?$'

[tool.isort]
profile = "black"
line_length = 88
multi_line_output = 3
include_trailing_comma = true
force_grid_wrap = 0
combine_as_imports = true
known_first_party = ["accountbook"]  # 너 프로젝트 app 이름
skip_gitignore = true

4️⃣ Pillow 설치 문제

🛑 ImageField 때문에 Pillow가 필요했는데 처음엔 설치가 안 되어 있었어.

로컬에서:

pip install Pillow

Docker에서는 requirements.txt에 추가했어:

Django==5.2.2
Pillow
psycopg2

그리고 도커 재빌드:

docker-compose up -d --build

5️⃣ settings.py 분리

개발환경/배포환경 분리해서 세팅했지.

settings/base.py: 공통
settings/dev.py: 로컬용 (localhost, 직접 깔린 Postgres 연결)
settings/prod.py: Docker용 (my-db 서비스 연결)

⚙️ manage.py 수정
→ 환경변수 기반으로 dev/prod 자동선택:

os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", os.getenv("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "config.settings.dev"))

⚙️ docker-compose.yml 수정
→ 환경변수 기반으로 prod 자동선택:

    environment:
      - DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=config.settings.prod

6️⃣ 로컬 마이그레이션

✅ makemigrations

python manage.py makemigrations accountbook --settings=config.settings.dev

✅ migrate

python manage.py migrate --settings=config.settings.dev

7️⃣ 마이그레이션 충돌 발생

🛑 에러

InconsistentMigrationHistory:
Migration admin.0001_initial is applied before its dependency accountbook.0001_initial

📚 원인: 기존 admin 테이블은 migrate 됐고 accountbook은 안 된 상태.

🛠️ 해결:

로컬 Postgres DB Drop
새로 생성

DROP DATABASE "django-postgres";
CREATE DATABASE "django-postgres" WITH OWNER "postgres";

다시 migrate:

python manage.py migrate --settings=config.settings.dev

8️⃣ Django Admin 설정

Django Admin 설정

🔸 admin.py 작성

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import CustomUser, Account, TransactionHistory, Analysis, Notification

@admin.register(CustomUser)
class CustomUserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('email', 'nickname', 'is_admin', 'is_active')
    search_fields = ('email', 'nickname')
    list_filter = ('is_admin', 'is_active')
    ordering = ('email',)

@admin.register(Account)
class AccountAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('user', 'account_number', 'bank_code', 'account_type', 'balance')

@admin.register(TransactionHistory)
class TransactionHistoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('account', 'transaction_amount', 'transaction_type', 'transaction_timestamp')

@admin.register(Analysis)
class AnalysisAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('user', 'analysis_target', 'analysis_period', 'start_date', 'end_date')

@admin.register(Notification)
class NotificationAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('user', 'message', 'is_read', 'created_at')

admin.py에 등록 완료
슈퍼유저 생성:

python manage.py createsuperuser --settings=config.settings.dev

9️⃣ Docker 환경 마이그레이션

✅ 도커컴포즈 올림

docker-compose up -d --build

✅ 컨테이너 접속

docker exec -it django bash

✅ migrate

python manage.py migrate

1️⃣0️⃣ Docker 마이그레이션 충돌

🛑 또 에러 발생:

InconsistentMigrationHistory:
Migration admin.0001_initial is applied before its dependency accountbook.0001_initial